Anal Cancer
What is anal cancer?
Anal cancer refers to cancer that develops in the tissues of the anus, which is the opening at the end of the rectum. Anal cancer occurs when there is uncontrolled growth and multiplication of abnormal cells.
What causes anal cancer and who is at risk?
The primary cause of anal cancer is infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus that can be transmitted through sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. However, it's important to note that not everyone who has HPV will develop anal cancer. Other factors that can increase the risk of developing anal cancer include:
Weakened immune system: Individuals with a weakened immune system, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those who have undergone an organ transplant, are at a higher risk of developing anal cancer.
Anal intercourse: Engaging in receptive anal intercourse can increase the likelihood of developing anal cancer, especially when combined with an HPV infection.
Smoking: Studies have found a higher risk of anal cancer among individuals who smoke, although the exact reason is not clear.
Age and gender: Anal cancer can occur at any age, but it is more common in older adults. It is also more common in women compared to men.
While these factors can increase the risk, it's important to note that not everyone with risk factors will develop the illness. Regular screenings, managing risk factors, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the likelihood of developing anal cancer.
What are the symptoms of anal cancer?
The symptoms of anal cancer can vary from person to person, and some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all in the early stages. However, common signs and symptoms of anal cancer can include:
Bleeding: This is one of the most common symptoms of anal cancer. It may cause blood in the stool, on toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl after a bowel movement.
Pain or discomfort: Anal cancer can cause pain or discomfort in the anal area. This may include persistent pain or a feeling of fullness, or it may worsen during bowel movements.
Itching or irritation: Persistent itching or irritation in the anal area can be a symptom of anal cancer. This may be accompanied by a rash or redness.
Changes in bowel habits: Anal cancer may cause changes in bowel habits, such as persistent diarrhea, constipation, or a feeling of incomplete bowel movements.
Changes in appearance: In some cases, anal cancer can cause visible changes to the anus, such as a lump or thickening in the anal area.
Discharge: Unusual discharge from the anus, which may be bloody or clear, can be a symptom of anal cancer.
It's important to note that these symptoms can be related to other conditions as well, which is why it's crucial to see a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment if you experience any of these symptoms.
How is anal cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosing anal cancer involve several steps:
Physical examination: A doctor will conduct a physical exam to check for any abnormalities in the anus or surrounding areas.
Biopsy – If suspicious areas are found during the physical examination, a biopsy is usually performed under a general anaesthetic. A small sample of tissue is taken from the suspicious area and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
Imaging tests/Staging – Depending on the suspected extent of the cancer, imaging tests like MRI, CT scans, PET scans or ultrasound may be done to determine the size of the tumour and whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs.
Once a diagnosis is confirmed and the cancer is staged, a healthcare team will discuss treatment options based on the individual’s specific situation.
How is anal cancer treated?
Treatment options for anal cancer can include surgery to remove the cancerous tissues, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer and the individual's overall health. Most cancers will be treated with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy with good results. Patients who are not cured with radiation and chemotherapy will require removal of anus and rectum with formation of a permanent stoma. This surgery is known as an abdominoperineal resection (APR).